Unconventional resources such as shale have completely changed and drastically enhanced hydrocarbon production in the United States and will have an important impact on the energy resources throughout the world. The physics of the fluid flow and the design and implementation of hydraulic fracturing in shale that are the main contributors to hydrocarbon production are far more complex than their application in conventional resources. Modification of traditional and conventional approaches to analysis, modeling, forecasting and optimization of hydrocarbon production must be significantly changed in order to make these technologies based on facts and reality rather than assumptions, simplifications, and biases.